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Classification and development of automotive electrical switches

release time: 2017-07-31 16:54:30
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Classification and development of automotive electrical switches
Automotive electrical switch (hereinafter referred to as switch) and ordinary electrical switch principle are very similar, but because the car is switch control switch control device circuit on the vehicle, the control object is different, the mode of operation is various, so compared with the ordinary electrical switch has a certain particularity.
1. main features
1., on the premise of ensuring good performance, not only the appearance should be beautiful, but also the color of the surface must be coordinated with the interior color of the vehicle interior, so as to improve the overall beauty of the car.
2., safety factors should be taken into consideration in the design. In case of an accident, the vehicle can not cause injury to the occupant or reduce the injury to a minimum. For example, the button is designed to be rounded, the length of the handle is shortened, the switch is fixed and embedded inside the panel. Fire safety must also be considered and flame retardant materials should be used for the materials used for the switch.
3. the design of the exterior shape of the automobile switch must consider the installation position, operation mode, operation sense and other factors. It is necessary to design and arrange according to the theory of ergonomics.
4. voltage levels are 6V (motorcycle), 12V (sedan), 24V (diesel), in twenty-first Century may also appear in the car's 42V voltage level.
5., according to different control objects, the working mode has 3 working states, instantaneous, short-time and continuous operation. The load current is varied from lmA-1000A to different uses.
6., considering the reliability, the automobile switch, like other parts of the automobile, will always be impacted and vibrate by the direction force in the process of moving the vehicle, so that the parts of the switch will be damaged in the early stage, and they will be riveted and loosened. In addition, the automobile will be affected by the adverse environment such as temperature and relative humidity, which will cause the oxidation of the switch contact to be more serious, which will shorten the life of the switch.
Two. Classification of car switches
There are many kinds of automobile switches, which can be introduced from two aspects of function and structure.
Functional classification:
1. driving operation function: varieties have ignition starting, constant speed, overspeed, rearview mirror control switch, etc.. The controlled loads are motors, relays, lamps, circuits, etc..
2., alarm signal function: varieties have steering horn, stop lights, alarm lights, brake lights, switches, etc.. The controlled loads include lights, relays, solenoid valves, etc..
3. lighting system features: varieties of headlights, fog lights, instrument lights, switches and so on. The main load of control is the light.
4. wiper system features: wipers, scrubbers, air windows, heating switches, etc.. The controlled loads are motors, relays, resistors, pumps, etc..
5., air conditioning cooling system functions: varieties of fans, air conditioning, temperature control switch. The controlled loads include motors, solenoid valves, etc..
6. doors and windows, lock system functions: varieties have locks, electric window rolling machine, fuel tank cover, luggage, skylights, switches, etc.. The controlled loads include motors, solenoid valves, etc..
Classification by mechanical structure:
Since 50s, in the past few decades, the automobile switch has met with great changes in the structure of the automobile to meet the needs of the development of the automobile. There are seven main types of automobile switches. Push pull type, rotary type, push rod type, burning plate type, button type, plate handle type, electronic type, etc..
Three. Introduce all kinds of switches
1. push-pull type: it was invented in 40s and developed in 50s. It is widely used in cars and trucks. Mainly rely on push pull effect to complete the connection and disconnection of the circuit, individual species also has double sheet metal safety and light regulating resistance (see Figure 1).

Currently only in the domestic bus, truck use. The utility model is characterized in that the structure is simple, the price is low, and the defect is that the volume is large, and the operation force is large, and the gear position is not convenient when the vehicle is moving.
2. rotating type: mainly rely on the main shaft rotation to change gears, so as to achieve the purpose of circuit through and off. There are many kinds of switches, one is the ignition switch operated by the key, and the switch is made up of two parts, the lock mechanism and the switch. The switch is fixed with the installation nut. The specific shape is shown in figure 2.

The other is a switch with knobs of different shapes. Such as the use of round knob to control the rearview mirror angle switch, now has been used in Santana 2000 car on all kinds of styles.
3.: push rod type switch principle of this kind of relatively simple, mainly in the provisions of external force, the push rod in a certain range of motion, to promote contacts (or open), when the external force disappears, depending on the reaction force of the contact spring automatic reset, to maintain the original state.
This is a signal switch for car doors and brake lights.
At present, there are two types of brake lamp switches in the brake system. One is that the brake light switch is combined with the oil (steam) road of the braking system, and the type of truck is basically in this type at the moment. Another is the separation of the brake light switch and brake system, this structure is mainly used in cars, the brake lamp switch is dependent on the mechanical structure and the brake pedal is connected, such as push rod type brake light switch Santana, the variety has the following features:
(1) the extending distance of the top rod can be adjusted in a certain range to meet the needs of the working stroke during braking.
(2) two parallel contacts are used to ensure the reliability of the lights on.
(3) special measures have been taken on the structure and material to ensure the reliability and durability of the product, and ensure that the service life can reach more than 250 thousand times.
4. deflection board: the main feature is that the work of the fulcrum in the center, while the work point on both sides of the fulcrum, when press a work surface, the other work surface is upward, shaped like a seesaw.
Since 80s, this type of switch has been gradually developed and widely used in buses and cars, and there are differences in its internal structure according to its different uses.
(1) common characteristics:
A. has black and non light reflecting characteristics. The material is generally made of black nylon 6 and nylon 66. But in recent years, it has been made of white nylon material and sprayed with special black ink.
B. according to the international regulations, according to the different switching functions in the switch button is marked with different shapes, the marker formation in two ways, one is as the insert is embedded within the button, in addition to the spraying with black ink buttons using laser marking and.
C. for the convenience of vehicle driving at night, lights also appeared in the mark of different colors, the light source has two kinds: one is the miniature bulb, two light-emitting diodes, light emitting diode light due to the rate and life expectancy increased, so the trend of gradually replacing bulb.
D. is equipped with circlip at both ends so that it is easy to install on the dashboard.
(2) switch classification: can be divided into two categories: automatic reset and automatic reset:
A. belt automatic reset: the basic feature is that under external force, the switch is in working state. Once the external force disappears, it can be reset automatically. Now it is mainly used for car window switch. The power of its contacts must meet 10-30 flow values.
B. without automatic reset: this switch may have one or two stalls, and the difference between them is how many circuits are controlled after they are connected.
5. electronic type: the use of electronic components to control the car circuit switch has been gradually applied, this type of switch has no contact, so there is no contact caused by the failure of the ablation. At present, the typical product is electronic dimming switch. It consists of two major parts, namely, flex switch and electronic dimming system (voltage adjustment can be accomplished by using an adjusting knob on the switch surface).
The use of electronic dimming eliminates the disadvantage that the resistor is in a state of electric heating for a long time and accelerates the failure of wire winding resistors.
In addition, the electronic dimming system has also increased the load over-current protection facilities.
The 6. button type: this type of switch is commonly known as the push switch, which can be divided without self-locking and self-locking two kinds, the former has the advantages of simple structure, is rarely used, the plane type with a self lock button switch is in the middle of the 80s, became popular in the car. Its main features are beautiful appearance and simple operation. The utility model has the advantages that the operation of the driver is safe in the running of the vehicle.
The switch is currently used in Shanghai GM, Buick, Shanghai Volkswagen Passat, Shenlong Fukang, and other models.
7., board type: handle type switch, the main use of the lever principle to achieve control purposes, typical varieties are currently popular combination switch.
As the automobile manufacturers in different countries choose electric control circuit structure, so the control methods are different, mainly divided into two categories:
One is the direct control type: that is, the combination switch controls the load directly. This requires the switch contacts to withstand the power to be large, and the power of the object to be controlled varies in size.
The two type: the characteristic of gap control is the combination switch does not directly control the load, but the control relay, and then use the contact of the intermediate relay to control the load, so the combination of contact of the power switch and the power control requirements of small objects are basically the same.
We should distinguish these differences, or they may cause accidents. In addition to the merit of combined switch, also can not be ignored because of its shortcomings, the object controlled by two handles of the combined switch, use will cause the frequency of use is not consistent, relatively light, handle steering function than the water scraping and washing function using the frequency to be high, of course the damage is also fast, it will cause damage to the switch and failure, even if the maintenance is also very convenient, so the combination of some cars on the switch for the great improvement in its structure, which adopted the "independent assembly module", will be two handle and the ignition switch of these three components implementing a relatively independent then, the common assembly on the steering column combined into a unified combination switch, if there is a damaged parts can be conveniently replaced, without affecting other parts of the whole. At present, the Shanghai Volkswagen "Passat" car combination switch belongs to this type.
At present, typical combination switches have the following functions
Class name function
Light Dimmer switch
Steering light switch
Stop light switch, near light, high beam and overtaking signal
Disconnect, turn left, right, auto return, change lanes
Disconnect, left, right (ignition lock is broken)
Power consumption control, wiper switch
Washer switch
Horn button, contact break, low speed, high speed, gap, short
Disconnect
Disconnect
Power control ignition switch, block, switch on, ignition, start
Anti theft mechanism, steering lock, unlock, lock, insurance

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Classification and development of automotive electrical switches